Properties of hydrophobic amino acids
In mammals, DNA is methylated almost exclusively at CpG dinucleotides and DNA methylation has been shown to be involved in embryonic development, cancer and aging ( Gonzalo, 2010 Wang and Lei, 2018). Different patterns of DNA methylation have specifically been observed in plant-specific developmental stages ( Mathieu et al., 2003 Tsuchiya and Eulgem, 2010).
In plants, DNA methylation occurs in three different sequence contexts: CpG, CHG or CHH (where H corresponds to A, T or C) ( Feng et al., 2010). DNA methylation is the most common type of epigenetic modification, and controls gene expression through the methylation of DNA bases including cytosine or adenine ( Yin et al., 2017). Identification of the relationship between methylation and TFs should help us understand gene regulatory networks.Įpigenetic modification refers to heritable changes in gene expression that occur without changing the nucleotide sequence of certain genes, such as DNA methylation and chromatin conformation changes. Both methylation and transcription factors (TFs) are critical components of gene regulatory networks ( Dowen et al., 2012 Shen et al., 2019). Additionally, changes in gene expression are the key mechanism by which the host responds to changes in the external environment or invasion. Both cell differentiation and apoptosis play important roles in morphogenesis, which causes an organism to develop its shape. Apoptosis refers to the orderly death of cells through a process controlled by genes. Cell differentiation is the process by which cells from the same source gradually develop into various cell groups with different morphological structures and functional characteristics. The regulation of gene expression is the molecular mechanism underlying cell differentiation, apoptosis, morphogenesis and ontogeny in vivo.